| context | $G=\langle V,E,\psi\rangle$ … undirected graph |
| definiendum | $ \mathrm{dom}\ d = V $ |
| range | $ u,v\in V, u\neq v $ |
| range | $ e\in E $ |
| definiendum | $ d(v):=\left|\{e\ |\ \exists u.\ \psi(e)=\{u,v\}\}+2\ \mathrm{card} \{e\ |\ \psi(e)=\{v,v\}\}\right| $ |
The value $d_G(v)$ is the number of neighbours of $v$ with loops counted twice.
It is also equal to the sum over the $v$-row or $v$-column of the adjacency matrix of the graph.
$\left| \{v\ |\ d(v)...\mathrm{odd}\} \right|$ … even
$\sum_{v\in V}d(v)$ … even
$\mathrm{tr}\ A^2=\sum_k(\sum_i A_i^k A_k^i)=\sum_i(\sum_k \delta_{i\ \mathrm{connected\ to }\ k})=d(v_i)$
This also works with $MM^t$, where $M$ is the incidence matrix.